INTRODUCTION - SUPERFICIAL BACK
I. ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
A. Anatomical position - use the international adopted anatomical nomenclature
B. Planes
1. sagittal = median
a. median plane
b. parasagittal plane (paramedian)
2. coronal = frontal
3. transverse = horizontal
C. Relative terms
1. medial vs lateral
2. anterior vs posterior (ventral vs dorsal)
3. proximal vs distal - related to trunk
4. superficial vs deep
5. palmar vs dorsum (in hand) / plantar vs dorsum (in foot)
6. superior vs inferior = above vs below
7. internal vs external
8. ipsilateral vs contralateral
9. supine vs prone
10. cranial vs caudal
11. central vs peripheral
12. parietal vs visceral
13. Combined terms - i.e. inferomedial ...
D. Terms of movement
1. flexion vs extension
2. adduction vs abduction
3. rotation vs circumduction
4. eversion vs inversion
5. supination vs pronation
6. protrusion vs retrusion
E. Abbreviations
1. a = artery, n = nerve, v = vein, m = muscle
2. spinal cord segments - C, T, L, S, Co + the corresponding number (i.e T3)
II. GENERAL FEATURES OF THE SKELETON
A. Axial skeleton= skull, vertebral column, sternum, ribs
Appendicular skeleton = bones of pectoral and pelvic girdles, limbs
B. Skull, cranium vs facial bones
C. Classification of bones
1. Long bones
2. Short bones
3. Flat bones - skull, sternum
4. Irregular - vertebrae
5. Sesamoid - develop within tendons - patella
6. Accessory (supernumerary)
D. Bone markings - indicate attachments, location of tendons, vessels and nerves
1. Elevations -
a. tubercle - small, round
b. trochanter - swelling/knob
c. tuberosity - large, round
d. malleolus - hammer-like
e. line (ridge), crests, spines
f. protuberance
2. Facets - small, smooth, flat - for articulation
3. Other features
a. head (condyle) - articular area
b. fossae
c. grooves
d. notch
e. foramen
f. canal
g. meatus - one way canal
E. Typical vertebrae
1. vertebral body
2. vertebral arch
a. pedicles
b. laminae
3. vertebral foramen - together form the vertebral canal
a. vertebral notches - together form intervetebral foramina
4. processes
a. spinous
b. transverse
c. articular
5. intervertebral discs - join body together
a. anulus fibrosis
b. nucleus pulposis - notochord during development
6. synovial joints between articular processes
F. Vertebral column - specific to be covered with particular regions
1. Regions - 33 total vertebrae
a. cervical - 7 vertebrae
b. thoracic - 12
c. lumbar - 5
d. sacral - 5
e. coccygeal – 4
2. Curvatures
a. primary - thoracic and sacral
b. secondary - cervical and lumbar
G. Joints (Articulations)
1. Definition - the relationship of one or more bones to each other
2. Fibrous joints = synarthrosis - little or no movement
a. syndesmosis - connective tissue (C.T.) - interosseus membrane
b. sutures = syndesmosis in skull - fontanelles
3. Cartilaginous joints - little movement possible
a. synchondrosis - bones joined by hyaline cartilage - developmental epiphysis
b. symphysis - bones joined by fibrocartilage, bone ends covered by hyaline cartilage - pubic symphysis
4. Synovial joints = diarthrosis - most common and important type
a. highly movable joints with a synovial cavity
b. specific characteristics
i. synovial cavity with synovial membranes inside a joint capsule
ii. hyaline cartilage on articulating surfaces
c. types of synovial joints
i. plane - gliding or sliding, movement in one axis - scapula
ii. hinge (ginglymus) - move at right angle (i.e. flexion or extension) - elbow
iii. condyloid - biaxial
iv. saddle - biaxial, opposing surfaces saddle-shaped
v. ball and socket - mutiaxial - hip and shoulder
vi. pivot - uniaxial, allow rotation - atlas/axis
d. rich innervation
i. proprioception (position sense)- articular nerves
ii. same as overlying cutaneous or muscular innervation
III. MUSCLE TISSUE
A. Types of muscle
1. Skeletal - usually voluntary, attached to bone
a. attachments - proximal and distal (origin and insertion)
i. tendon - individual
ii. aponeurosis - sheet-like tendon
2. Cardiac - myocardium - pacemaker - ANS control
3. Smooth - involuntary - vessels and viscera - ANS
B. Attachments
1. Origin = proximal attachment
2. Insertion = distal attachment
C. Actions
IV. BLOOD VESSELS AND CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
A. Arteries - carry blood away from heart
1. arterioles
2. muscular (distributing)
3. elastic - large, maintain blood pressure
a. vasa vasorum - blood supply to adventitia
B. Veins - return blood to heart
1. venules
a. form venous plexus
b. venae comitantes - accompany arteries
c. anatomoses common
d. often contain valves - prevent backflow
C. Capillaries - endothelial tubes
V. LYMPHATICS -
A. Part of circulatory system
B. Drains excess fluid and provides defense mechanisms
C. Lymphatic system is composed of:
1. Lymph vessels
a. lymph capillaries - blind ended in tissues
b. pass to nodes - afferents, efferents from nodes
c. form lymph trunks
i. thoracic duct
ii. right lymphatic duct
iii. cisterna chyli - collect intestinal and abdominal trunks
2. Lymph nodes
3. Lymph
D. Functions
1. drainage of tissue fluid
2. absorption and transport of fat - lacteals drain intestine
3. immune response